Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease that is seemed most common all over the world most common world-wide and in all age groups. In the modern age, the addition of environmental and cultural factors to genetic characteristics has led to an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus
1. Type 2 DM occurs together with insulin resistance in adipose tissue, liver, muscle, and beta-cell insulin secretory defect
2,3.
DM can be diagnosed along with past and laboratory tests. The diagnosis of diabetes is based on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2017) criteria4.
• A1c ≥ 6.5%.
• Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 126mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)
• 2-h plasma glucose ≥ 200mg/dL (11.1mmol/L) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
• In a patient with classic symptoms of hyper-glycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1mmol/L)
Trace elements are one of the components of food and essential for optimal health. These metals are essential for the functionality of many enzymes in various biochemical pathways. Zinc plays several vital roles in most cells because it is an essential component of several important enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase, superoxide dismutase, alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, carboxypeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase.
Control of Zn homeostasis is vital for all biological systems. It is observed that zinc homeostasis is impaired in diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the concentration of zinc in the metabolism is strictly regulated5,6.
Zn and Cu, are essential components of many enzyme systems. Zn plays storage and secretion of insulin. Insulin is stored in β cells of the pancreas as crystals that contain Zn. Zn has a major impact on insulin activity. Also Cu metabolism changes in diabetic patients. However, the mechanism is not known precisely7. Mg is a cofactor in biochemical reactions. Mg is involved in various metabolic events such as energy production, regular functioning of muscular systems, maintaining osmotic pressure, lowering blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism, nervous system, and DNA synthesis8. Mg+2 deficiency can cause insulin resistance, abnormal lipid metabolism, and impaired glucose tolerance. Therefore, type 2 diabetes mellitus develops9,10.
Chromium is of great importance in the regulation of protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Cr increases insulin activity and allows glucose to enter the cell. Studies have reported that the people with type 2 diabetes who have Cr supplements added to their diets the effect of insulin and glucose intolerance has improved11,12.